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An Appreciation: How Katherine Dunham Revealed Black Dance to the World

By JENNIFER DUNNING

The New York Times

May 23, 2006

Her horror was real, as was her sense of social justice. She has been criticized for not denouncing the Duvaliers for their dictatorship in Haiti, where she owned a home. But she had also sponsored a medical clinic in Port-au-Prince, and she stayed on for many years in desolate, impoverished East St. Louis, Ill., where she established a museum of artifacts pertaining to her career and taught local children including Jackie Joyner-Kersee, the Olympic long jumper, and the filmmakers Reginald and Warrington Hudlin.

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Whatever else Katherine Dunham was in her long and productive life, which ended on Sunday at 96, she was a radiantly beautiful woman whose warmth and sense of self spread like honey on the paths before her.

How could anyone be stopped by the color of her skin after her invincibly lush sensuality and witty intelligence had seduced audiences on Broadway, in Hollywood films and in immensely popular dance shows that toured the world? And how could anyone cram black American dance into one or two conveniently narrow categories ? or for that matter ignore the good strong roots that would one day grow green stems and leaves ? with the vision of her company's lavishly theatrical African and Caribbean dance revues in mind?

Miss Dunham was one of the first American artists to focus on black dance and dancers as prime material for the stage. She burst into public consciousness in the 1940's, at a time when opportunities were increasing for black performers in mainstream theater and film, at least temporarily. But there was little middle ground there between the exotic and the demeaning everyday stereotypes.

Ms. Dunham's dance productions were certainly exotic, and sometimes fell into uncomfortable clichés. But a 1987 look at her work, Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater's "Magic of Katherine Dunham" program, confirmed that she also evoked ordinary lives that were lived with ordinary dignity.

Miss Dunham, as she was universally known, was by no means the only dance artist to push for the recognition of black dance in the 1940's, when Pearl Primus pushed, too, though a great deal less glamorously. But though Miss Dunham's academic credentials as an anthropologist were impeccable, including a doctorate from the University of Chicago, it was her gift for seduction that helped most to pave the way for choreographers like Donald McKayle, Talley Beatty and Alvin Ailey, who were the first wave of what is today an established and influential part of the larger world of American modern dance.

Ailey's first encounter with her, as a newly stage-struck boy in his mid-teens, says a great deal about Miss Dunham's appeal. Intrigued by handbills advertising her 1943 "Tropical Revue," he ventured into the Biltmore Theater in downtown Los Angeles, his hometown, where it was playing. There he was plunged into a world of color, light and heat that was populated by highly trained dancers with a gift for powerful immediacy, who were dressed in subtle, stylish costumes designed by John Pratt, Miss Dunham's husband. After the show, Ailey followed the crowd making its way backstage to her dressing room and was again stunned when the door opened on a vision of beautiful hanging fabrics and carpeting, paintings, books, flowers and baskets of fruit. And there was La Dunham, dressed in vividly colored silks and exuding irresistible gaiety and warmth.

Ailey returned to the show several times a week, let into the theater by the Dunham dancers who had looked so unapproachably exotic on that first backstage visit. And he was still more than a little in love with her when he invited her to create for his company "The Magic of Katherine Dunham," a program of pieces that had not been seen for a quarter-century. Miss Dunham's dancers, who remained close to her and to one another throughout her life, swarmed into the studios to help her work with the young performers.

Most of the Ailey dancers did not appreciate Miss Dunham's iron perfectionism or the unusual demands of her technique, a potent but challenging blend of Afro-Caribbean, ballet and modern dance. And she was not the easiest of women. I remember speaking with her before a public interview we were to do in April 1993. Addicted to CNN, she had just learned of the fiery, tragic end to the F.B.I.'s seige of the Branch Davidian compound in in Waco, Tex., that morning, and that was all that she could talk about, off and on the stage, despite her promises to discuss her work.

Her horror was real, as was her sense of social justice. She has been criticized for not denouncing the Duvaliers for their dictatorship in Haiti, where she owned a home. But she had also sponsored a medical clinic in Port-au-Prince, and she stayed on for many years in desolate, impoverished East St. Louis, Ill., where she established a museum of artifacts pertaining to her career and taught local children including Jackie Joyner-Kersee, the Olympic long jumper, and the filmmakers Reginald and Warrington Hudlin.

"I was trying to steer them into something more constructive than genocide," she said of the children in a 1991 interview with me in The New York Times. "Everyone needs, if not a culture hero, a culturally heroic society. There is nothing stronger in a man than the need to grow."

That idealistic, eloquent self was infused with a streak of no-nonsense practicality.

"I don't like that 'accept,' " MissDunham, still a vibrant beauty at 91, said during a Times interview six years ago in response to a middle-aged visitor who insisted on talking to her about the acceptance and embrace of old age. "I would just let the whole thing go. Just be there for it, centimeter by centimeter." Then it was time for the photo session.

Her eyes seemed to widen even more invitingly and her gaze to grow even warmer as she looked into the eye of the camera and asked, "Did you ever see photographs of elderly divas trying to look sexy?"

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KATHERINE DUNHAM | 1909-2006

A trailblazing dancer, and an activist for Haiti

Pioneering dancer Katherine Dunham, who established the nation's first self-supporting all-black modern dance group in the late 1930s, died at age 96.

BY JACQUELINE CHARLES

jcharles@MiamiHerald.com

The last time famed dancer Katherine Dunham saw her beloved Haiti, she was sitting in a wheelchair on the deck of a 3,200-passenger cruise ship docked on Haiti's northern coast of Labadee.

It was 2004, the 200th anniversary of Haiti's independence from France, and Haiti was yet again in the throes of political crisis. Dunham, who had joined several prominent African Americans and Haitians on the ''Cruising into History'' voyage to celebrate the birth of the first black republic, was in deteriorating health but wanted one thing:

''She really wanted to touch the soil,'' recalled Ron Daniels of the Haiti Support Project, which invited Dunham to be a part of the pilgrimage because of her love affair with Haiti. ``She was very moved. Her heart was very, very much part of Haiti.''

Dunham died Sunday at an assisted living facility in New York. No immediate cause of death was disclosed. She was 96.

Dunham was the first African American to choreograph for the Metropolitan Opera, and her dance company toured in more than 50 countries. A recipient of the National Medal of the Arts, she was a Kennedy Center honoree in 1983 and had received honors from the governments of Brazil, Haiti and France.

Among choreographers influenced by Dunham were Alvin Ailey, Ron Brown and Bill T. Jones. ''Before Katherine Dunham, the only kind of black dance was tap,'' Ailey said in a 1988 interview with The Boston Globe. Her breakthrough came with her appearance in the Broadway musical Cabin in the Sky. Her legs were once insured for $250,000 and she had 13 knee surgeries. Still, she danced professionally for more than 30 years.

Dunham formed America's first black modern dance company and choreographed more than 90 works.

Dunham's life wasn't just about dancing, and she translated this to her dancers. Southland, one of her most famous dances, was about a lynching in the South. She also refused to let her dance company perform before segregated audiences.

As word spread in South Florida about the death of the woman affectionately known as the ''matriarch of black dance,'' those who knew her -- and of her trailblazing contributions in Haiti, the Caribbean and elsewhere -- recalled not only how she influenced dance, but also how she inspired people.

''Not only was she an international dancer, she contributed her talent to Haiti,'' said Farah Juste, a Haitian singer who helped organize a packed 1992 concert at Miami's Bobby Maduro Stadium for Dunham.

At the time 82, Dunham had just ended a 47-day hunger strike to protest U.S. policy of repatriating Haitians who were fleeing the military regime that had ousted Haiti's democratically elected President Jean-Bertrand Aristide.

Carl Fombrun, a fixture on Miami's Haitian socialite scene, said Dunham didn't just visit Haiti, she invested in it.

She maintained a home there for years, Habitacion LeClerc, a one-time luxury resort.

''She was baptized a mambo, a priestess of the Vodou religion,'' Fombrun said. ``Her fascination with Haiti was a fascination with Africa. She felt that Haiti was the Africa in the Caribbean.''

Dunham first arrived in Haiti in the 1930s as a graduate student in anthropology. She also visited Trinidad, Jamaica and Martinique where she filmed indigenous dances.

But it was in Haiti, while listening to its Africaninspired rhythms, that she immersed herself in its dance, culture and history.

Later, she would use the drum-inspired movements to fashion her own choreography techniques -- the Dunham Technique -- putting Caribbean dance on the world stage.

''When I got to Haiti,'' she said in the Globe interview, ``I saw that some of the body movements in their dances resembled the body movements I had seen in the black storefront churches of Chicago.''

She was born Katherine Mary Dunham on June 22, 1909, in Chicago.

Dunham's introduction to dance came in high school and she studied ballet in 1928.

She earned a bachelor's degree in anthropology from the University of Chicago and did graduate work in anthropology there before making her New York debut in 1937.

In 1967, she founded the Performing Arts Training Center in a depressed neighborhood of East St. Louis, Ill., moving there from New York.

She wrote several books, including her autobiography, A Touch of Innocence.

Dunham's husband, John Pratt, died in 1986.